2V0-71.23 Sample Questions Answers

Two package management tools that can be used to configure and install applications on Kubernetes are:

• Carvel. Carvel is a set of tools that provides a simple, composable, and flexible way to manage Kubernetes configuration, packaging, and deployment. Carvel includes tools such as kapp, which applies and tracks Kubernetes resources in a cluster; ytt, which allows templating YAML files; kbld, which builds and pushes images to registries; kpack, which automates image builds from source code; and vendir, which syncs files from different sources into a single directory. Carvel is integrated with VMware Tanzu Kubernetes Grid and can be used to deploy and manage applications on Tanzu clusters.
• Helm. Helm is a tool that helps users define, install, and upgrade complex Kubernetes applications using charts. Charts are packages of pre-configured Kubernetes resources that can be customized with values. Helm uses a client-server architecture with a command line tool called helm and an in-cluster component called Tiller. Helm can be used to deploy applications from the official Helm charts repository or from custom charts created by users or vendors. Helm is also integrated with VMware Tanzu Kubernetes Grid and can be used to deploy and manage applications on Tanzu clusters.

References: : https://carvel.dev/ : https://docs.vmware.com/en/VMware-Tanzu-Kubernetes-Grid/1.6/vmware-tanzu-kubernetes-grid-16/GUID-tkg-carvel.html : https://helm.sh/ : https://docs.vmware.com/en/VMware-Tanzu-Kubernetes-Grid/1.6/vmware-tanzu-kubernetes-grid-16/GUID-tkg-helm.html

Prometheus is an open-source systems monitoring and alerting toolkit that can collect metrics from target clusters at specified intervals, evaluate rule expressions, display the results, and trigger alerts if certain conditions arise8. Tanzu Kubernetes Grid includes signed binaries for Prometheus that users can deploy on workload clusters to monitor cluster health and services9. Prometheus uses a pull model to scrape metrics from various sources, such as Kubernetes nodes, pods, services, and endpoints. Prometheus stores the collected metrics in a time-series database and allows users to query them using PromQL, a powerful query language. Prometheus also supports defining alert rules based on metric values and sending notifications to external systems, such as Alertmanager8.

The other options are incorrect because:

• Provide the functionality of a lightweight log processor and forwarder that allows you to collect data and logs from different sources is a description of Fluent Bit, which is an open-source log processor and forwarder that can be used to collect data and logs from Kubernetes clusters and send them to various destinations10. Fluent Bit is not part of Tanzu Kubernetes Grid.
• Inject time-series database (TSDB) data into high-quality graphs and visualizations is a description of Grafana, which is an open-source visualization and analytics software that can be used to query, visualize, alert on, and explore metrics from various sources, including Prometheus11. Grafana is not part of Tanzu Kubernetes Grid.
• Extend the open-source Docker distribution by adding the functionalities usually required by users such as security and identity control and management is a description of Harbor, which is an open-source cloud native registry that can be used to store, sign, and scan container images for vulnerabilities12. Harbor is not part of Tanzu Kubernetes Grid.

References: Prometheus Overview, Implement Monitoring with Prometheus and Grafana, Fluent Bit, What is Grafana?, Harbor Overview

The key benefit of Tanzu Service Mesh Autoscaler feature is to autoscale microservices that meet changing levels of demand based on metrics, such as CPU or memory usage. These metrics are available to Tanzu Service Mesh without needing additional code changes or metrics plugins1. Tanzu Service Mesh Autoscaler supports configuring an autoscaling policy for services inside a global namespace through the UI or API, or using a Kubernetes custom resource definition (CRD) for services directly in cluster namespaces2. Tanzu Service Mesh Autoscaler also supports two modes: performance mode, where services are scaled up but not down, and efficiency mode, where services are scaled up and down to optimize resource utilization2. References: VMware Aria Operations for Applications, Tanzu Service Mesh Service Autoscaling Overview - VMware Docs

A service mesh is a dedicated infrastructure layer that you can add to your applications to provide capabilities like observability, traffic management, and security, without adding them to your own code. A service mesh consists of network proxies paired with each service in an application and a set of management processes. The proxies are called the data plane and the management processes are called the control plane. The data plane intercepts calls between different services and processes them; the control plane is the brain of the mesh that configures and monitors the data plane1. A service mesh makes communication between applications possible, structured, and observable by providing features such as load balancing, service discovery, encryption, authentication, authorization, routing, retries, timeouts, fault injection, metrics, logs, and traces2.

The other options are incorrect because:

• Provides dynamic application load balancing and autoscaling across multiple clusters and multiple sites is a description of VMware Tanzu Service Mesh Global Namespaces feature3, which is built on top of a service mesh. It is not the purpose of a service mesh in general.
• Provides a centralized, global routing table to simplify and optimize traffic management is a description of VMware Tanzu Service Mesh Global Mesh Network feature4, which is also built on top of a service mesh. It is not the purpose of a service mesh in general.
• Provides service discovery across multiple clusters is a partial description of a service mesh, but it does not capture the full scope of its purpose. Service discovery is one of the features that a service mesh provides, but it is not the only one.

References: What’s a service mesh?, The Istio service mesh, Service mesh - Wikipedia

VMware Tanzu Mission Control (TMC) is a centralized management platform for consistently operating and securing your Kubernetes infrastructure and modern applications across multiple teams and clouds1. TMC provides a catalog of curated open-source software packages that you can deploy to your clusters with a few clicks2. To deploy an application to a Kubernetes cluster using TMC catalog, you need to follow these steps3:

• From the TMC Console, navigate to Catalog.
• Select the package that you want to install from the list of available packages. You can filter the packages by name, provider, or category.
• Click Install Package to start the installation wizard.
• On the Installation Settings page, specify the following information:
• Click Install to confirm the installation settings and start the installation process.
• Wait for the installation to complete. You can monitor the progress and status of the installation on the Package Instances page.

The other options are incorrect because:

• From the TMC Console, in Catalog, from Available Tanzu Packages, specify the target cluster and the package to install is false. There is no such option as Available Tanzu Packages in the TMC Console. The correct option is Install Package.
• Using the Tanzu CLI, enter the command tanzu package install is false. The Tanzu CLI is a command-line tool that allows you to interact with Tanzu Kubernetes Grid clusters and packages4. It is not related to TMC or its catalog.
• Using the TMC CLI, enter the command tmc cluster tanzupackage create is false. There is no such command as tmc cluster tanzupackage create in the TMC CLI. The TMC CLI is a command-line tool that allows you to interact with TMC and its resources5. It does not support installing packages from the catalog.

References: VMware Tanzu Mission Control Overview, Catalog Overview, Install a Package from Catalog, Tanzu CLI Overview, TMC CLI Overview

Two statements about the NSX Advanced Load Balancer are correct:

• It can be configured as the VIP endpoint for the management cluster on vSphere. The VIP endpoint is the IP address that clients use to access the Kubernetes API server on the management cluster. By default, this IP address is assigned by DHCP, but it can also be configured manually or by using a load balancer. Using a load balancer provides high availability and scalability for the VIP endpoint. NSX Advanced Load Balancer can be used as the load balancer provider for the VIP endpoint by creating a virtual service that points to the control plane nodes of the management cluster5.
• It can be configured as a load balancer for workloads in the clusters that are deployed on vSphere. Workload clusters are Kubernetes clusters that run user workloads on vSphere with Tanzu. Workload clusters require a load balancer to expose services of type LoadBalancer to external clients. NSX Advanced Load Balancer can be used as the load balancer provider for workload clusters by deploying an Avi Kubernetes Service (AKS) pod on each cluster node. The AKS pod acts as an ingress controller that communicates with the NSX Advanced Load Balancer Controller and creates virtual services for each service of type LoadBalancer6.

The other options are incorrect because:

• It can only be used if Antrea CNI is installed on the workload cluster is false. Antrea is one of the supported Container Network Interface (CNI) plugins for workload clusters on vSphere with Tanzu, but it is not mandatory to use it with NSX Advanced Load Balancer. Other CNI plugins, such as Calico or Flannel, can also work with NSX Advanced Load Balancer7.
• It only supports the service type LoadBalancer is false. NSX Advanced Load Balancer supports other service types as well, such as ClusterIP and NodePort. These service types can be used to expose services within or across clusters without requiring an external load balancer8.
• It is natively integrated with Tanzu Kubernetes Grid Amazon Web Services EC2 deployments is false. NSX Advanced Load Balancer is not natively integrated with Tanzu Kubernetes Grid Amazon Web Services EC2 deployments. Tanzu Kubernetes Grid on AWS uses the AWS Elastic Load Balancing service as the default load balancer provider for both management and workload clusters9.

References: Configure the VIP Endpoint for the Management Cluster, Deploy and Configure NSX Advanced Load Balancer as a Load Balancer for Workload Clusters, Supported CNI Plugins, Service Types, Load Balancing on AWS

The statement that correctly describes a global namespace in VMware Tanzu Service Mesh is that it defines an application boundary and provides consistent traffic routing, connectivity, resiliency, and security for applications across multiple clusters. A global namespace is a logical abstraction of an application from the underlying infrastructure that spans across multiple clusters and clouds4. A global namespace connects the resources and workloads that make up the application into one virtual unit and manages their identity, discovery, connectivity, security, and observability4. A global namespace also enables automatic service discovery and cross-cluster communication within the application boundary4. References: Global Namespaces - VMware Docs

The correct resource hierarchy order in VMware Tanzu Mission Control is Organization -> Cluster Groups -> Clusters. An organization is the root of the resource hierarchy and represents a customer account in Tanzu Mission Control. A cluster group is a logical grouping of clusters that can be used to apply policies and manage access. A cluster is a Kubernetes cluster that can be attached or provisioned by Tanzu Mission Control. A cluster belongs to one and only one cluster group, and a cluster group belongs to one and only one organization. References: VMware Tanzu Mission Control Concepts, Resource Hierarchy

The Scheduler is the Kubernetes component that is responsible for workload creation. The Scheduler is responsible for assigning pods to nodes based on various factors, such as resource availability, node affinity, taints and tolerations, and pod priority. The Scheduler watches for newly created pods that have no node assigned, and selects a suitable node for them to run on. The Scheduler then informs the API server of its decision, and the API server binds the pod to the node. References: Scheduling | Kubernetes, Kubernetes Components | Kubernetes

Antrea is the default CNI for new Tanzu Kubernetes Grid workload clusters8. Antrea is an open-source Kubernetes networking solution that implements the Container Network Interface (CNI) specification and uses Open vSwitch (OVS) as the data plane9. Antrea supports various features such as network policies, service load balancing, NodePortLocal, IPsec encryption, IPv6 dual-stack, and more10.

The other options are incorrect because:

• Multus CNI is an open-source container network interface plugin for Kubernetes that enables attaching multiple network interfaces to pods11. It is not the default CNI for Tanzu Kubernetes Grid workload clusters.
• Flannel is an open-source simple and easy-to-use overlay network that satisfies the Kubernetes requirements12. It is not the default CNI for Tanzu Kubernetes Grid workload clusters.
• Calico is an open-source network and network security solution for containers, virtual machines, and native host-based workloads13. It is not the default CNI for Tanzu Kubernetes Grid workload clusters.

References: Tanzu Kubernetes Grid Cluster Networking, Antrea, Antrea Features, Multus CNI, Flannel, Calico

To visualize API connectivity and enable API protection in VMware Tanzu Service Mesh, the administrator needs to perform two steps:

• Activate API Discovery for the Global Namespace. This allows Tanzu Service Mesh to automatically discover the APIs signatures between microservices running inside or outside the mesh. API Discovery creates a custom API schema for each API that is close to OpenAPI spec 3.0. Tanzu Service Mesh graph renders the detected APIs in the Enforcing mode by default, which means that any new API is considered as a violated API unless accepted by the administrator1
• Create API Security Policy for the Global Namespace. This allows the administrator to block or allow layer 4 and layer 7 traffic, as well as create granular policies that provide API and data segmentation, OWASP 10 attack defense, schema validation, geofencing, data compliance, and egress controls. The administrator can create the API Security policy through the Tanzu Service Mesh Console UI or by using the Tanzu Service Mesh API Explorer2

References: 1: https://docs.vmware.com/en/VMware-Tanzu-Service-Mesh/services/tanzu-service-mesh-enterprise/GUID-E6FB9FB3-FDB3-4D2B-B5CB-614608EEF537.html  2: https://docs.vmware.com/en/VMware-Tanzu-Service-Mesh/services/tanzu-service-mesh-enterprise/GUID-5B635420-3BD2-4EC1-B67E-2015F991A91C.html

The object in Kubernetes used to grant permissions to a cluster-wide resource is ClusterRoleBinding. A ClusterRoleBinding is a cluster-scoped object that grants permissions defined in a ClusterRole to one or more subjects, such as users, groups, or service accounts5. A ClusterRole is a cluster-scoped object that defines a set of permissions on cluster-scoped resources (like nodes) or namespaced resources (like pods) across all namespaces5. For example, a ClusterRoleBinding can be used to allow a particular user to run kubectl get pods --all-namespaces by granting them the permissions defined in a ClusterRole that allows listing pods in any namespace6. References: Using RBAC Authorization | Kubernetes, Cluster Roles and Cluster Roles Binding in Kubernetes | ANOTE.DEV

Cluster API is a Kubernetes project that provides declarative APIs for cluster creation, configuration, and management. Cluster API uses a set of custom resource definitions (CRDs) to represent clusters, machines, and other objects. Cluster API also relies on providers to implement the logic for interacting with different infrastructure platforms. VMware Tanzu Kubernetes Grid uses Cluster API to deploy and manage Kubernetes clusters on various platforms. The three Cluster API providers being used in VMware Tanzu Kubernetes Grid are:

• CAPZ: Cluster API Provider for Azure. This provider enables Cluster API to create Kubernetes clusters on Microsoft Azure4.
• CAPV: Cluster API Provider for vSphere. This provider enables Cluster API to create Kubernetes clusters on vSphere 6.7 or later5.
• CAPA: Cluster API Provider for AWS. This provider enables Cluster API to create Kubernetes clusters on Amazon Web Services5.

References: VMware Tanzu Kubernetes Grid Documentation, Taking Kubernetes to the People: How Cluster API Promotes Self … - VMware

A Container Storage Interface (CSI) in VMware Tanzu Kubernetes Grid is a plug-in that allows providers to expose storage as persistent storage for Kubernetes clusters. CSI is a standard interface that defines an abstraction layer for container orchestrators to work with storageproviders3. VMware Tanzu Kubernetes Grid supports StorageClass objects for different storage types, provisioned by Kubernetes internal (“in-tree”) or external (“out-of-tree”) plug-ins. Two of the supported storage types are vSphere Cloud Native Storage (CNS) and Amazon EBS, which use the vSphere CSI driver and the AWS EBS CSI driver respectively4. References: Tanzu Kubernetes Storage Class Example - VMware Docs, Deploying and Managing Cloud Native Storage (CNS) on vSphere - VMware Docs

To create a vSphere Namespace, the correct steps are to use the vSphere web client, select Workload Management, select Namespaces tab, and click Create Namespace. A vSphere Namespace is a logical grouping of Kubernetes resources that can be used to isolate and manage workloads on a Supervisor Cluster1. To create a vSphere Namespace, a user needs to have the vSphere Client and the required privileges to access the Workload Management menu and the Namespaces tab2. From there, the user can select the Supervisor Cluster where to place the namespace, enter a name for the namespace, configure the network settings, set the resource limits, assign permissions, and enable services for the namespace2. References: Create and Configure a vSphere Namespace - VMware Docs, vSphere with Tanzu Concepts - VMware Docs