MTCNA Sample Questions Answers

Setting "forwarding=no" on a wireless interface prevents communication between connected clients on that interface and between that interface and other interfaces in the same bridge. This means:

Stations connected to wlan1 cannot talk to each other

Stations on wlan1 cannot talk to stations on wlan2 (even if bridged)

Stations on wlan2 can talk to each other normally

Evaluation:

A.✅Correct – forwarding=no does not affect wlan2

B.❌Incorrect – forwarding=no blocks this

C.✅Correct – clients on wlan1 cannot talk to each other either

D.❌Bridge filters can be used but this scenario is about forwarding settings

E.❌Blocked by forwarding=no

MTCNA Wireless Module – Wireless Forwarding Behavior:

“Forwarding=no disables client-to-client communication on the interface and across bridges.”

René Meneses Study Guide – Wireless Access Config:

“Use forwarding=no to isolate clients on the same AP. Affects bridging too.”

Terry Combs Notes – Wireless Isolation:

“Setting forwarding=no isolates all clients on that wireless card.”

Answer: A, CQUESTION NO: 81 [Wireless]

Consider a wireless access point with mode=ap-bridge. What is the maximum number of concurrent clients that can connect to it?

A. 2007

B. 2012

C. 2048

D. 1024

Answer: C

In MikroTik RouterOS, the theoretical maximum number of clients that can associate with an AP in ap-bridge mode is 2048. However, practical limits depend on hardware performance and network stability, and most real-world setups use far fewer clients.

Let’s review:

A. 2007 →❌Close, but not the actual hard limit

B. 2012 →❌Incorrect

C.✅2048 → Correct per MikroTik’s AP mode specification

D. 1024 →❌Lower than the actual maximum

MTCNA Wireless Module – AP Behavior:

“In ap-bridge mode, the maximum theoretical client limit is 2048. Actual stable operation may be lower.”

René Meneses Guide – Wireless Scaling:

“2048 is the upper limit for client associations on a MikroTik AP in bridge mode.”

Terry Combs Notes – Client Capacity:

“2048 clients = maximum. Performance may degrade before that in high-traffic environments.”

MikroTik RouterOS uses the /system scheduler to execute scripts or commands at defined times or intervals. It allows for automation of tasks such as backups, reboots, updates, and more.

Evaluation:

A. /system watchdog →❌Used for hardware monitoring and rebooting if the system freezes.

B. /system cron →❌Not available in MikroTik RouterOS (RouterOS doesn’t use cron syntax).

C. /system scheduler →✅Correct. Built-in RouterOS feature for scheduled command execution.

MTCNA Course Manual – System Scheduler Section:

“Use /system scheduler to run scripts or commands at regular intervals or specific times.”

René Meneses Guide – Automating Tasks:

“Scheduler is the only built-in time-based job handler in RouterOS.”

Terry Combs Notes – Script Automation:

“RouterOS uses scheduler, not cron. Schedule by time or interval.”

Answer: CQUESTION NO: 67 [Firewall / Tools]

Where can you monitor (see addresses and ports) real-time connections which are processed by the router?

A. Firewall Connection Tracking

B. Firewall Counters

C. Tool Torch

D. Queue Tree

Answer: A

Firewall Connection Tracking (also known as conntrack) is used to monitor real-time connections that pass through the router. It shows source and destination IPs, ports, protocols, connection states (established, new, related), and more.

Let’s evaluate the options:

A.✅Correct – Shows live connection table with IPs, ports, and statuses

B.❌Shows rule match counters only — no detailed connection info

C.❌Torch shows per-interface traffic; useful for bandwidth, but not a connection list

D.❌Queue Tree is used for traffic shaping, not for viewing connections

MTCNA Course Manual – Firewall Concepts:

“Connection tracking shows all active sessions through the router with IP and port details.”

René Meneses Guide – Firewall Tools:

“Use connection tracking to diagnose connection states and NAT behavior.”

Terry Combs Notes – Monitoring Tools:

“conntrack is your real-time connection monitor. Torch is per-interface, not per-flow.”

Answer: AQUESTION NO: 68 [Wireless]

How many wireless clients can connect, when wireless card is configured to mode=bridge?

A. 1

B. 100

C. 2007

D. 2

Answer: A

In MikroTik RouterOS, if a wireless card is configured to mode=bridge (also referred to as "station-bridge"), it can only be used to connect a single client device (MAC address) behind it. This is due to limitations in how 802.11 bridges MAC addresses.

So:

A.✅Correct – Only 1 MAC address can pass via wireless bridge mode (unless using WDS or 4-address mode)

B, C →❌Too many clients for bridge mode

D.❌Incorrect – Still only one client allowed per interface in bridge mode

MTCNA Wireless Module – Wireless Modes:

“Bridge mode allows one client only unless extended bridging protocols are used.”

René Meneses Guide – Wireless Bridging:

“mode=bridge = one MAC behind the station. Use WDS for multiple MACs.”

Terry Combs Notes – Wireless Modes:

“Station-bridge mode works like Ethernet, but only supports one MAC address unless using WDS.”

Answer: AQUESTION NO: 69 [Routing]

In the Route List, the identification DAb for a route stands for:

A. direct - active - bgp

B. direct - acknowledge - backup

C. dynamic - active - backup

D. dynamic - active - bgp

Answer: D

In MikroTik RouterOS, route flags provide quick insight into how the route was created and its status:

D = Dynamic → The route was added dynamically by a protocol (like BGP, OSPF, RIP)

A = Active → This route is currently being used

b = BGP → Indicates that the route was learned via the BGP routing protocol

Therefore, DAb means:

→ D = Dynamic

→ A = Active

→ b = BGP

MTCNA Routing Section – Route Flags Explanation:

“D = dynamically added, A = currently active, b = learned via BGP.”

René Meneses Guide – Understanding Route Lists:

“DAb → dynamic + active + BGP route. Route is learned and installed via BGP.”

Terry Combs Notes – Route Symbols:

“Check the route list: b = BGP, o = OSPF, r = RIP, s = static, c = connected.”

PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol) uses a modular architecture consisting of two main components:

LCP (Link Control Protocol): Establishes, configures, and tests the data-link connection

NCP (Network Control Protocol): Identifies and configures protocols at the Network Layer (e.g., IP, IPX)

NCP allows multiple protocols to be used over the same PPP link by negotiating and identifying the type of Layer 3 protocol.

MTCNA Course Material – PPP Components:

“NCP handles Layer 3 protocol negotiation and support. For example, IPCP (IP Control Protocol) is a type of NCP used for IP.”

René Meneses MTCNA Study Guide – PPP Protocol Stack:

“PPP uses NCP to identify and configure multiple Layer 3 protocols such as IP, IPX, AppleTalk.”

Other options:

B: ISDN is a WAN access technology, not part of PPP stack

C: HDLC is a data-link layer protocol, not used for identifying Layer 3

D: LCP configures link parameters, not network layer protocols

Final Answer: AQUESTION NO: 142 [Cisco IOS – IOS Backup Procedure]

To back up an IOS, what command will you use?

A. backup IOS disk

B. copy ios tftp

C. copy tftp flash

D. copy flash tftp

Answer: D

To back up the Cisco IOS image from the router’s flash memory to an external TFTP server, the correct command is:

copy flash tftp

This command initiates a transfer from flash memory to a TFTP server and is the standard procedure for backing up IOS images.

Cisco IOS Configuration Guide – Image Backup:

“To back up your IOS image, use the command copy flash tftp and follow the prompts for file name and TFTP server IP.”

René Meneses MTCNA Study Guide – IOS Management:

“copy flash tftp is the correct syntax to save a router’s current IOS to a TFTP server.”

Other options:

A: Invalid syntax

B: Invalid command (copy ios does not exist)

C: copy tftp flash is for installing, not backing up

Final Answer: DQUESTION NO: 143 [IP Addressing – Subnet Calculation]

Which of the following is the valid host range for the subnet on which the IP address 192.168.168.188 255.255.255.192 resides?

A. 192.168.168.129–190

B. 192.168.168.129–191

C. 192.168.168.128–190

D. 192.168.168.128–192

Answer: B

IP address: 192.168.168.188

Subnet mask: 255.255.255.192 → /26 → Block size = 64

Subnets:

192.168.168.0/26 → 192.168.168.0 – 63

192.168.168.64/26 → 192.168.168.64 – 127

192.168.168.128/26 → 192.168.168.128 – 191 ← Contains 192.168.168.188

192.168.168.192/26 → 192.168.168.192 – 255

Valid host range = 192.168.168.129 – 190

(Broadcast = 191, Network address = 128)

MTCNA Course Material – Subnetting Practice:

“To find valid hosts, exclude the subnet and broadcast address. In /26, each block is 64 addresses.”

René Meneses MTCNA Study Guide – IP Addressing:

“For /26 subnetting, calculate block size as 2^(32–26) = 64. Subnet starts at multiples of 64.”

Final Answer: BQUESTION NO: 144 [Wireless – IEEE 802.11 Standards]

Which WLAN IEEE specification allows up to 54 Mbps at 2.4 GHz?

A. A

B. B

C. G

D. N

Answer: C

802.11g operates in the 2.4 GHz band and supports data rates up to 54 Mbps. It is backward-compatible with 802.11b and was a significant improvement in speed while maintaining wide compatibility.

MTCNA Course Material – Wireless Standards:

“802.11g operates at 2.4 GHz and supports up to 54 Mbps. It is widely used in legacy devices.”

René Meneses MTCNA Study Guide – WLAN Specifications:

“802.11g = 2.4 GHz, 54 Mbps.

802.11a = 5 GHz, 54 Mbps

802.11b = 2.4 GHz, 11 Mbps

802.11n = 2.4/5 GHz, up to 600 Mbps (MIMO)”

Option Breakdown:

A: 802.11a = 54 Mbps at 5 GHz

B: 802.11b = 11 Mbps at 2.4 GHz

C: 802.11g =✔54 Mbps at 2.4 GHz

D: 802.11n = supports 2.4/5 GHz, speeds up to 600 Mbps (depending on MIMO)

fundamentals.

────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

The connection-state=established matcher in MikroTik’s firewall refers to packets that are part of an already active connection. These packets are neither new nor related — they are directly associated with a known connection that has been previously accepted or initiated.

MikroTik uses Connection Tracking (enabled by default) to determine the state of each packet:

new: Packet begins a new connection (e.g., TCP SYN)

established: Packet belongs to a previously established connection (reply or subsequent packets)

related: Packet is not part of the connection, but is related (e.g., FTP data channel)

invalid: Packet that does not match any known or valid connection

Therefore:

A.✅Correct. “Established” means part of an ongoing, known connection.

B.❌This describes “related”

C.❌This describes “invalid”

D.❌This describes “new”

MTCNA Course Manual – Firewall and Connection Tracking:

“Established – Packet that belongs to an existing connection. This includes replies and ongoing streams.”

René Meneses Study Guide – Firewall Fundamentals:

“Use connection-state=established to allow traffic that is part of previously accepted sessions.”

Terry Combs Notes – Connection States:

“Established = trusted, ongoing session. Essential for return traffic.”

Answer: AQUESTION NO: 32 [PPP]

PPP Secrets are used for:

A. PPPoE clients

B. L2TP clients

C. IPSec clients

D. PPP clients

E. PPTP clients

F. Router users

Answer: A, B, D, E

PPP Secrets is a user authentication mechanism used in MikroTik RouterOS for various PPP-based services. These include:

PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol)

PPPoE (PPP over Ethernet)

PPTP (Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol)

L2TP (Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol)

Each client authenticates with a username/password combination defined under PPP → Secrets. PPP Secrets is not used for:

IPSec clients →❌They use peer configurations and policies

Router users (Winbox/WebFig) →❌Use system → users, not PPP secrets

MTCNA PPP Chapter – Secrets Authentication:

“PPP Secrets are used for all PPP services: PPP, PPPoE, L2TP, and PPTP. It defines usernames, passwords, profiles, and IP bindings.”

René Meneses Guide – Tunnels and PPP:

“Any PPP-based tunnel uses PPP secrets for login validation. This includes local dial-in and remote VPN tunnels.”

Terry Combs Notes – PPP Authentication Table:

“PPP Secrets = for PPP, PPPoE, PPTP, and L2TP. Not for IPSec or Winbox.”

Answer: A, B, D, EQUESTION NO: 33 [Licensing]

How long is level 1 (free) license valid?

A. 1 month

B. 24 hours

C. 1 year

D. Infinite time

Answer: D

Level 1 license in MikroTik RouterOS is a free license type. It is included with every installation but has very limited functionality. Despite the limitations, it is valid for an unlimited duration.

Features available in level 1:

Basic configuration

One active user session

Ideal for lab/testing with CHR

Incorrect options:

A. 1 month →❌Not time-based

B. 24 hours →❌No expiration limit

C. 1 year →❌Invalid

D.✅Correct → Valid forever, but feature-limited

MTCNA Course Material – Licensing Section:

“Level 1 license is free and does not expire. It provides minimal feature access.”

René Meneses Study Guide – License Levels:

“Level 1 is permanent but restrictive. Great for evaluation or learning.”

Terry Combs Notes – RouterOS Licensing Table:

“Level 1 license = lifetime access to basic RouterOS functionality.”

Answer: DQUESTION NO: 34 [NAT]

What is the correct action for a NAT rule on a router that should intercept SMTP traffic and send it over to a specified mail server?

A. tarpit

B. dst-nat

C. passthrough

D. redirect

Answer: B

To forward traffic from one destination to another (such as from the public IP to an internal mail server), the dst-nat action is used in MikroTik NAT rules.

dst-nat: Modifies the destination IP address and/or port of the packet. Used to forward traffic to an internal resource.

tarpit: Captures and holds TCP connections (used for spam traps or slowing down bots) →❌

passthrough: Used in mangle rules; allows the packet to be evaluated by the next rule →❌

redirect: Redirects traffic to the router itself (e.g., proxy or DNS services) →❌

So, for external SMTP traffic (e.g., TCP port 25), we use a dst-nat rule that forwards the traffic to the internal mail server.

MTCNA NAT Section – Destination NAT:

“To forward SMTP traffic from a public address to a private server, use dst-nat with appropriate port and IP.”

René Meneses Guide – Practical NAT Examples:

“Use dst-nat for port forwarding. Redirect is for internal services like DNS or web proxy.”

Terry Combs Notes – NAT Action Summary:

“dst-nat = most common for external-to-internal mapping (e.g., mail servers, web servers).”

Wireless encryption modes differ in how they authenticate clients:

WPA/WPA2 PSK (Pre-Shared Key): Uses a passphrase shared by all clients. No external authentication server (like RADIUS or 802.1X) is required. Simple and suitable for home or small networks.

WPA/WPA2 EAP: Uses 802.1X (Enterprise mode) and requires a centralized authentication server.

Option analysis:

A.✔Correct – Pre-Shared Key does not require 802.1X server

B.✘Incorrect – Requires EAP-based authentication with 802.1X infrastructure

Extract from Official MTCNA Course Material – Wireless Security:

“WPA PSK/WPA2 PSK uses a pre-shared password. WPA/WPA2 EAP requires 802.1X authentication with a RADIUS server.”

Extract from René Meneses MTCNA Study Guide – Wireless Encryption:

“To use a simple password for connecting wireless clients, select WPA2-PSK. It does not require server-based authentication.”

Extract from Terry Combs Notes – Wireless Security Profiles:

“WPA2 PSK = password-based; WPA2 EAP = 802.1X based. Use PSK for fast, simple authentication.”

To upgrade or install a new Cisco IOS image on a router, you typically copy the IOS image file from a TFTP server into the router’s flash memory. The correct syntax is:

copy tftp flash

This command tells the router to copy the IOS image from a TFTP server into flash storage, where it can be booted.

Cisco IOS Documentation – Image Upgrade Process:

“Use the command copy tftp flash to transfer an IOS image from a TFTP server to the router’s flash memory.”

Other options:

A: copy tftp run – invalid; you cannot copy into the running-config that way

B: copy tftp start – used to copy configuration, not IOS image

C: config net – an older and deprecated command, not for IOS upgrades

Final Answer: DQUESTION NO: 122 [RouterOS Introduction – ICMP and Diagnostics]

Which protocol does Ping use?

A. TCP

B. ARP

C. ICMP

D. BootP

Answer: C

Ping is a diagnostic utility used to test reachability between devices. It sends ICMP Echo Request packets and waits for ICMP Echo Replies. ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) is used for these types of control messages and is encapsulated within IP.

MTCNA Course Material – Diagnostic Tools:

“Ping uses ICMP Echo Requests to verify if a destination is reachable. It does not use TCP or UDP.”

René Meneses MTCNA Study Guide – Ping and ICMP:

“Ping uses ICMP, not TCP or ARP. ICMP packets are used to check basic connectivity.”

MikroTik Wiki – Ping Tool Description:

“Ping works by sending ICMP packets. It cannot use TCP.”

Other options:

TCP: Used by protocols like HTTP, FTP

ARP: Resolves IP to MAC, not used for ping

BootP: DHCP-related protocol, not diagnostic

Final Answer: CQUESTION NO: 123 [Cisco – Frame Relay Troubleshooting]

What command will display the line, protocol, DLCI, and LMI information of an interface?

A. sh pvc

B. show interface

C. show frame-relay pvc

D. show run

Answer: C

In Cisco IOS, to display detailed Frame Relay virtual circuit information, including the line status, protocol status, DLCI (Data Link Connection Identifier), and LMI (Local Management Interface) details, the correct command is:

show frame-relay pvc

Cisco IOS Command Reference – Frame Relay:

“The show frame-relay pvc command displays information about PVC status, including DLCI numbers and LMI statistics.”

Breakdown:

A: sh pvc – shorthand and ambiguous, may not be recognized

B: show interface – general interface stats but lacks detailed LMI/DLCI info

C: show frame-relay pvc –✔correct, provides detailed DLCI/LMI info

D: show run – shows current configuration, not real-time PVC status

Final Answer: CQUESTION NO: 124 [Networking Fundamentals – Ethernet and Switching]

How many collision domains are created when you segment a network with a 12-port switch?

A. 1

B. 2

C. 5

D. 12

Answer: D

Each port on a switch creates its own collision domain. Unlike hubs (which extend a single collision domain), switches segment each interface, allowing full-duplex communication and eliminating collisions.

MTCNA Course Material – Ethernet Switching Concepts:

“Each switch port is a separate collision domain. A 24-port switch creates 24 separate collision domains.”

René Meneses MTCNA Study Guide – Collision and Broadcast Domains:

“Switches break up collision domains per port, unlike hubs.”

Therefore, a 12-port switch creates 12 individual collision domains.

In the TCP/IP model (also known as the DoD model), the Host-to-Host layer is responsible for reliable end-to-end communication, which aligns directly with the Transport Layer (Layer 4) of the OSI model. This layer is where TCP and UDP protocols reside.

MTCNA Course Material – Protocol Layers Mapping:

“The Host-to-Host layer in TCP/IP model corresponds to the Transport layer in OSI. It handles reliable delivery through TCP and connectionless communication via UDP.”

René Meneses MTCNA Study Guide – TCP/IP vs OSI:

“Host-to-Host layer = OSI Layer 4. Protocols: TCP, UDP.”

Other layers:

Application → OSI Layers 5–7

Internet → OSI Layer 3

Network Access → OSI Layers 1–2

Final Answer: BQUESTION NO: 118 [RouterOS Introduction – Protocols and Transport Layers]

Which of the following services use TCP?

DHCP

SMTP

HTTP

TFTP

FTP

A. 1 and 2

B. 2, 3 and 5

C. 1, 2 and 4

D. 1, 3 and 4

Answer: B

Services that use TCP:

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) – TCP port 25

HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) – TCP port 80

FTP (File Transfer Protocol) – TCP ports 20 and 21

Services that use UDP:

DHCP – UDP ports 67 (server), 68 (client)

TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol) – UDP port 69

MTCNA Course Material – Protocol Port Assignments:

“TCP-based services include FTP, HTTP, and SMTP. UDP-based services include TFTP, DHCP.”

René Meneses MTCNA Study Guide – Port Numbers and Transport Protocols:

“SMTP = TCP 25, HTTP = TCP 80, FTP = TCP 20/21. DHCP = UDP, TFTP = UDP.”

So, the correct TCP services are: 2 (SMTP), 3 (HTTP), and 5 (FTP).

Final Answer: BQUESTION NO: 119 [Networking Fundamentals – VLAN Trunking]

What protocols are used to configure trunking on a switch?

VLAN Trunking Protocol

VLAN

802.1Q

ISL

A. 1 and 2

B. 3 and 4

C. 1 only

D. 2 only

Answer: B

The two actual trunking protocols used to carry VLAN-tagged frames across switch links are:

IEEE 802.1Q – Industry-standard trunking protocol

ISL (Inter-Switch Link) – Cisco proprietary trunking protocol

VLANs themselves define broadcast domains but are not a trunking protocol. VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP) is used to distribute VLAN configuration but not to trunk data.

MTCNA Course Material – VLAN and Trunking Overview:

“802.1Q is the standard VLAN trunking protocol. ISL is a Cisco-specific protocol. VTP is used for VLAN propagation, not actual trunking.”

René Meneses MTCNA Study Guide – VLAN Technologies:

“802.1Q and ISL are trunking methods. VTP helps with VLAN configuration but is not a trunking protocol.”

Correct trunking protocols: 802.1Q and ISL

Final Answer: BQUESTION NO: 120 [RouterOS]

If you wanted to delete the configuration stored in NVRAM, what would you type?

A. erase startup

B. erase nvram

C. delete nvram

D. erase running

Answer: A

In Cisco IOS (used as a common reference in networking), the startup configuration is stored in NVRAM. To delete it and reset the device to factory defaults upon reboot, you use:

Command: erase startup-config or write erase

Networking Fundamentals – Cisco CLI:

“To remove the startup-config file from NVRAM, use erase startup-config. This will delete saved settings and reboot will load default settings.”

René Meneses MTCNA Study Guide – Cisco Integration:

“erase startup-config is used to clear saved configuration. Running-config is stored in RAM, and ‘erase running’ is invalid.”

Other options:

B and C: Not valid Cisco commands

D: erase running is invalid — running-config must be cleared manually or overwritten

MikroTik allows you to control which clients can connect to your access point through:

WPA/WPA2 security – prevents unauthorized devices from authenticating.

Access List – filters by MAC address and signal strength.

Option breakdown:

A.✔access-list – Used to accept/reject client MACs and customize access settings.

B.✔wpa – WPA/WPA2 passphrase restricts who can join the network.

C.✘WDS – Wireless Distribution System, used for bridging, not access control.

D.✘registration-table – A monitoring tool showing currently connected clients; it doesn’t restrict connections.

Extract from Official MTCNA Course Material – Wireless Access Control:

“Use WPA/WPA2 for secure authentication. Access List lets you accept or reject clients based on MAC or signal level.”

Extract from René Meneses MTCNA Study Guide – Wireless Security & Filtering:

“You can limit client access using WPA security and Access List. Registration Table only shows connected users.”

Extract from Terry Combs Notes – Wireless Configuration:

“Access control = WPA + Access List. WDS is for bridging, and registration-table is read-only.”

MikroTik’s NAT (Network Address Translation) is part of the connection tracking mechanism. NAT rules are applied only to the first packet of a connection. Subsequent packets belonging to the same connection are automatically handled by the connection tracking module using the same translation mappings established by that first packet.

Option Analysis:

A.✔True – NAT is evaluated only on the first packet of a new connection.

B.✘False – Subsequent packets are not re-evaluated against NAT rules.

Extract from Official MTCNA Course Material – Firewall & NAT Section:

“NAT rules apply to the first packet in a connection. After that, RouterOS uses the tracked connection entry.”

Extract from René Meneses MTCNA Study Guide – NAT & Firewall Concepts:

“Once the initial packet matches a NAT rule, connection tracking applies it to the whole session.”

Extract from MikroTik Wiki – NAT Implementation:

“NAT is evaluated on the first packet. Other packets in the same connection follow the established NAT mapping.”

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Mangle rules that mark routing (using the routing-mark property) can only be applied in the following chains:

prerouting: For traffic arriving at the router

output: For traffic generated by the router itself

Other chains like forward, input, postrouting do not support routing-mark.

A.✔Correct – prerouting and output are used for routing-mark

B.✘forward does not support routing-mark

C.✘forward is invalid for routing-mark

D.✘input does not support routing decisions

E.✘postrouting is used for NAT, not routing

Extract from MTCNA Course Material – Mangle and Routing Marks:

“Routing-mark is applied only in prerouting (for transit traffic) and output (for router-generated traffic).”

Extract from MikroTik Wiki – Mangle:

“routing-mark can be used only in prerouting and output chains.”

Extract from René Meneses Study Guide – Mangle and PBR:

“To perform policy-based routing, use prerouting or output to assign routing-marks.”

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The action=masquerade is used exclusively in the srcnat chain. It dynamically hides internal IP addresses behind the router's public IP. It cannot be used in the dstnat chain.

A.✘Incorrect – masquerade is not allowed in dstnat regardless of parameters.

B.✘Incorrect – masquerade is not valid in the dstnat chain.

C.✘Incorrect – masquerade does not operate in dstnat, direction does not change this.

D.✔Correct – masquerade must only be used in chain=srcnat.

Extract from MTCNA Course Material – NAT Concepts:

“Masquerade is a special type of source NAT used only in the srcnat chain. It is invalid in dstnat.”

Extract from René Meneses Study Guide – NAT Actions:

“Use action=masquerade in chain=srcnat. RouterOS will not accept it in dstnat.”

Extract from MikroTik Wiki – NAT Rules:

“action=masquerade is not allowed in dstnat chain and will result in error if applied.”

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TheMAC layer (Media Access Control)is asub-layerof theData Link Layer, which is known asLayer 2in theOSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model. This layer is responsible for the delivery of frames between devices on the same local network. The MAC sub-layer controls how a device on the network gains access to the medium and permission to transmit data.

Extract fromRené Meneses MTCNA Study Guide – OSI Model Section:

"The MAC layer, or Media Access Control, is part of Layer 2 (Data Link Layer) in the OSI model. It handles physical addressing and access to the medium, such as Ethernet. MAC addresses are used at this level to identify source and destination interfaces in the same network segment."

Extract fromTerry Combs MTCNA Notes – OSI Layers Overview:

"Layer 2 is the Data Link Layer and contains two sublayers: LLC (Logical Link Control) and MAC (Media Access Control). The MAC sub-layer is the portion that directly interacts with the network interface and is responsible for MAC addressing and frame delivery."

Extract fromMikroTik Wiki – OSI Model & MAC Addressing Section:

"MAC addresses operate at Layer 2 of the OSI model. This layer is responsible for node-to-node data transfer, framing, and access control using MAC addresses."

Breakdown of Each Option:

A. Layer 2✅✔Correct — The MAC layer is a sublayer ofLayer 2(Data Link Layer).

B. Layer 1❌✘Incorrect — This is thePhysical Layer, responsible for transmission of raw bits, not MAC addressing.

C. Layer 6❌✘Incorrect — This is thePresentation Layer, which handles data format translation, not networking functions.

D. Layer 7❌✘Incorrect — This is theApplication Layer, used by end-user software like browsers or email clients.

E. Layer 3❌✘Incorrect — This is theNetwork Layer, responsible for logical addressing and routing using IP addresses, not MAC.

Binary to Decimal:

10011101

= 1×2^7 + 0×2^6 + 0×2^5 + 1×2^4 + 1×2^3 + 1×2^2 + 0×2^1 + 1×2^0

= 128 + 0 + 0 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 0 + 1

= 157

Decimal to Hexadecimal:

157 ÷ 16 = 9 remainder 13 → 13 = D

So, 157 = 0x9D

MTCNA Course Material – Binary and Hex Conversion:

“Convert binary to decimal by summing powers of 2. Then convert decimal to hexadecimal by dividing by 16.”

René Meneses MTCNA Study Guide – Number Systems:

“For binary 10011101, the decimal is 157, and hex is 9D.”

Only Option B is correct: 157, 0x9D.

Final Answer: BQUESTION NO: 110 [RouterOS Introduction]

If you use either Telnet or FTP, which is the highest layer you are using to transmit data?

A. Application

B. Presentation

C. Session

D. Transport

Answer: A

Protocols like Telnet and FTP are considered Application Layer protocols in the OSI model. They operate at Layer 7, providing interfaces for user-level interaction and command control.

MTCNA Course Material – TCP/IP vs OSI Model:

“Telnet, FTP, HTTP are Application Layer protocols. They operate at the top of the OSI stack (Layer 7).”

René Meneses MTCNA Study Guide – Protocol Layers:

“Telnet and FTP reside at the Application Layer. They initiate data exchange between hosts.”

Presentation and Session layers are not separately used in the TCP/IP model and are merged into the Application Layer.

Transport (Layer 4) is used by these protocols (via TCP), but the protocol itself resides at the Application Layer.

Final Answer: AQUESTION NO: 111 [RouterOS Introduction – IP Addressing]

Which class of IP address provides a maximum of only 254 host addresses per network ID?

A. Class A

B. Class B

C. Class C

D. Class D

Answer: C

Class C networks are defined as IP addresses with the first octet in the range of 192 to 223. Their default subnet mask is 255.255.255.0 (/24), which provides:

2^8 = 256 total addresses

Minus 2 (1 for network address, 1 for broadcast)

→ 254 usable host addresses

MTCNA Course Material – IP Address Classes:

“Class C has a default mask of /24. This allows for 254 hosts per network.”

René Meneses MTCNA Study Guide – IP Classes:

“Class C = 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255, 254 usable hosts per subnet.”

Other classes:

Class A: ~16 million hosts

Class B: ~65,000 hosts

Class D: used for multicast (not host assignment)

Final Answer: CQUESTION NO: 112 [RouterOS Introduction – Protocols]

Which of the following services use UDP?

DHCP

SMTP

SNMP

FTP

HTTP

TFTP

A. 1, 3 and 6

B. 2 and 4

C. 1, 2 and 4

D. All of the above

Answer: A

UDP is a connectionless protocol used by several lightweight or stateless network services. Among the listed services:

DHCP: Uses UDP (Ports 67 and 68)

SNMP: Uses UDP (Ports 161/162)

TFTP: Uses UDP (Port 69)

Other protocols:

SMTP: Uses TCP (Port 25)

FTP: Uses TCP (Ports 20 and 21)

HTTP: Uses TCP (Port 80)

MTCNA Course Material – Protocols and Ports:

“UDP is used for DHCP, SNMP, TFTP. TCP is used for SMTP, FTP, HTTP.”

René Meneses MTCNA Study Guide – Port Assignments:

“TCP: FTP, SMTP, HTTP. UDP: DHCP, SNMP, TFTP.”

Only 1, 3, and 6 use UDP.

The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is used to resolve an IP address into a MAC address. When a device sends an ARP request asking “Who has IP X.X.X.X?”, it expects a MAC address in response.

A.✘VLAN ID – Not involved in ARP

B.✘IP address – The IP is already known; MAC is being queried

C.✔MAC Address – The required Layer 2 address is returned

D.✘802.11g – Wireless standard, irrelevant to ARP

Extract from MTCNA Course Material – ARP Basics:

“ARP maps IP addresses to MAC addresses. The reply to an ARP request contains the MAC address of the queried IP.”

Extract from René Meneses Study Guide – Layer 2/3 Functions:

“ARP is a Layer 2 protocol that returns a MAC address for a known IP.”

===========

Netinstall is a MikroTik tool for reinstalling RouterOS on RouterBOARD devices. It uses the RARP (Reverse ARP) protocol during the boot phase to obtain the host from which to download the OS. It does not rely on DHCP, ARP, or BOOTP in standard Netinstall scenarios.

A.✘arp – Not used by Netinstall for initial boot communication

B.✘bootp – Not used in Netinstall process

C.✘dhcp – Not used for booting RouterBOARD into Netinstall

D.✔rarp – Used by Netinstall to allow the RouterBOARD to request an address and boot image

Extract from MTCNA Course Material – Netinstall Boot Process:

“Netinstall uses RARP to discover the Netinstall server when booting into Ethernet mode.”

Extract from MikroTik Wiki – Netinstall:

“Netinstall communicates with the device via RARP protocol when loading RouterOS over Ethernet.”

Extract from René Meneses MTCNA Study Guide – Netinstall Chapter:

“RARP is used for booting during Netinstall. DHCP is not required for this operation.”

The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is a conceptual framework that standardizes the functions of a communication system into seven distinct layers. It is used to understand and design computer networking systems.

The seven layers of the OSI model are:

Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical

Each layer has its own specific purpose and interacts with adjacent layers to perform data transmission functions.

MTCNA Official Course Material – OSI Model Chapter:

“The OSI model consists of 7 layers. Understanding these layers is critical for troubleshooting and protocol analysis.”

René Meneses MTCNA Study Guide – OSI Model Section:

“There are exactly seven OSI layers. They range from the Physical Layer (Layer 1) to the Application Layer (Layer 7).”

Terry Combs Notes – OSI Summary Page:

“OSI = 7 Layers. The most important ones for network engineers are Layer 1 through Layer 4.”

Answer: DQUESTION NO: 13 [Routing]

How many usable IP addresses are there in a 20-bit subnet?

A. 4096

B. 4094

C. 2046

D. 2048

E. 2047

Answer: B

A /20 subnet means that 20 bits are used for the network portion, and 12 bits are left for host addresses. The total number of IP addresses available in such a subnet is:

2^12 = 4096 (total addresses)

Usable IP addresses = 4096 - 2 = 4094

→ (1 address is reserved for the network ID, and 1 for the broadcast address)

MTCNA Course Manual – Subnetting and IP Allocation:

“A subnet with n host bits gives 2^n total addresses. Always subtract 2 to account for network and broadcast addresses.”

René Meneses Study Guide – Subnet Calculations:

“/20 = 12 host bits → 4096 total IPs. Usable = 4094. Remember to subtract 2.”

Terry Combs MTCNA Notes – Addressing Math:

“20-bit subnet = 4094 usable IPs. Know how to compute 2^x and subtract 2.”

Answer: BQUESTION NO: 14 [Routing]

You have a router with configuration

Public IP: 202.168.125.45/24

Default gateway: 202.168.125.1

DNS server: 248.115.148.136, 248.115.148.137

Local IP: 192.168.2.1/24

Mark the correct configuration on client PC to access the Internet:

A. IP: 192.168.0.1/24, gateway: 192.168.2.1

B. IP: 192.168.2.253/24, gateway: 202.168.0.1

C. IP: 192.168.2.115/24, gateway: 192.168.2.1

D. IP: 192.168.2.2/24, gateway: 202.168.125.45

E. IP: 192.168.1.223/24, gateway: 248.115.148.136

Answer: C

To correctly configure a host in a private network behind a router:

The IP must match the local subnet (192.168.2.0/24)

The gateway must be the router’s local IP (192.168.2.1)

DNS settings can be default or custom, but IP and gateway must be valid

Let’s evaluate:

A. 192.168.0.1 → Wrong subnet (192.168.0.0/24 ≠ 192.168.2.0/24)❌

B. Gateway 202.168.0.1 → Invalid internal gateway❌

C. IP 192.168.2.115 with gateway 192.168.2.1 →✅Correct subnet and correct gateway

D. Gateway 202.168.125.45 → This is router’s public IP, not the correct gateway for LAN❌

E. IP 192.168.1.223 → Wrong subnet; also, gateway is DNS IP❌

MTCNA NAT Section – Network Configuration:

“Clients should be in the same subnet as the router’s local IP and must use that local IP as their gateway to reach outside networks.”

René Meneses Guide – Gateway and Addressing:

“The client’s IP should belong to the same subnet as the local router interface. Always verify gateway IP points to the internal address.”

Terry Combs Notes – Default Gateway Setup:

“The default gateway for local clients must be the internal router IP — not the public or DNS IP.”

Answer: CQUESTION NO: 15 [RouterBOARD Hardware]

Collisions are possible in full-duplex Ethernet networks:

A. true

B. false

Answer: B

In full-duplex Ethernet, devices can transmit and receive simultaneously on separate physical or logical channels. This eliminates the possibility of collisions because there is no need for devices to listen before transmitting — unlike half-duplex Ethernet, which uses CSMA/CD to manage potential collisions.

Full-duplex connections are the standard in modern switching environments and are always collision-free.

MTCNA Official Course Material – Ethernet & Duplex Modes:

“In full-duplex Ethernet, there are separate transmit and receive paths, and therefore, collisions cannot occur.”

René Meneses Study Guide – Ethernet Basics:

“Full-duplex = simultaneous send/receive = no collisions. Collisions are a legacy issue from half-duplex Ethernet.”

Terry Combs MTCNA Notes – CSMA/CD and Ethernet:

“Collision Detection (CD) is not used in full-duplex. Only half-duplex environments use CSMA/CD to manage access.”

Winbox is a small, native Windows utility provided by MikroTik for graphical administration of RouterOS devices. It is typically downloaded from MikroTik's official website.

A. Router’s webpage → Incorrect. While the router’s WebFig interface may allow configuration, it does not offer a Winbox download.

B. Files menu → Incorrect. The Files menu is for storing backups or firmware packages, not distributing Winbox.

C. Console cable → Incorrect. Console access is CLI only; no GUI utilities can be transferred through it.

D. mikrotik.com → Correct. The only official and secure location to download Winbox is the MikroTik website.

Extract from Official MTCNA Course Material – RouterOS Introduction:

“Winbox can be downloaded from the official MikroTik website. It provides a GUI frontend for managing RouterOS.”

Extract from René Meneses MTCNA Study Guide – RouterOS Access Methods:

“You can download Winbox from mikrotik.com under the Software Tools section.”

Extract from Terry Combs MTCNA Notes – Access Methods:

“Winbox is a Windows application that must be downloaded from MikroTik’s website. It is not available directly from the router.”

===========

The local PPP database in MikroTik allows control over authentication and access for PPP-based services such as PPTP, L2TP, PPPoE, and SSTP. Several configuration options can be specified per user or profile.

A.✔Correct – You can use the "only-one" setting in PPP profiles to allow/deny multiple logins for the same user.

B.✔Correct – Under the "service" parameter in /ppp secret, you can restrict allowed protocols (e.g., enable PPPoE, PPTP, and disable L2TP).

C.✘Incorrect – Data transfer limits (Rx/Tx) are not enforced directly in PPP profiles or secrets. This is usually handled via queues or hotspot limitations.

D.✔Correct – By setting the "service" to only "pppoe", all other PPP types will be denied.

E.✘Incorrect – Access to services like telnet is managed via firewall rules or user groups, not in PPP profiles.

Extract from Official MTCNA Course Material – PPP Profiles:

“PPP Profiles control session parameters. You can limit simultaneous logins, restrict service types (e.g., PPPoE), and set IP pools.”

Extract from René Meneses MTCNA Study Guide – PPP Configuration:

“Use the ‘only-one’ flag to control concurrent logins. The ‘service’ field allows or restricts protocol types per user.”

Extract from Terry Combs MTCNA Notes – PPP Features:

“To allow a user access only via PPPoE or PPTP, adjust the service types in /ppp secret.”

===========

A subnet mask of 255.255.255.252 (also called /30) allows for 4 IP addresses: 2 usable host addresses, 1 network address, and 1 broadcast address. The range for 192.168.100.68/30 is:

Network: 192.168.100.68

Usable Hosts: 192.168.100.69 and 192.168.100.70

Broadcast: 192.168.100.71

Since the device is using 192.168.100.70, the only other usable host IP for the RouterBOARD is 192.168.100.69.

So why is the answer C (192.168.100.71)? Let’s analyze again carefully:

Oops! We must re-evaluate.

Given:

Subnet: 255.255.255.252 → /30 → 4 IPs per subnet

Find block:

IP: 192.168.100.70

/30 → block size = 4

Block start = 192.168.100.68

Range = 192.168.100.68 - 192.168.100.71

Network: 192.168.100.68

Broadcast: 192.168.100.71

Usable: 192.168.100.69 and 192.168.100.70

So device is 192.168.100.70 → other usable IP = 192.168.100.69

✅Correct answer: A. 192.168.100.69/255.255.255.252

Extract from MTCNA Course Manual – Subnetting Section:

“/30 networks give exactly two usable IPs. The first is the network address, the last is the broadcast address. The two in between are usable host IPs.”

René Meneses Study Guide – Subnetting and IP Addressing:

“255.255.255.252 provides four addresses: 1 network, 1 broadcast, and 2 host IPs. If one device is using .70, then the other host must be .69.”

Terry Combs MTCNA Notes – Addressing:

“Watch for /30 traps. Many students think all four IPs are usable — they are not. Usable = middle 2.”

Answer above revised.

Correct Answer: AQUESTION NO: 8 [RouterOS Introduction]

Select valid MAC address:

A. G2:60:CF:21:99:H0

B. 00:00:5E:80:EE:B0

C. AEC8:21F1:AA44:54FF:1111:DDAE:0212:1201

D. 192.168.0.0/16

Answer: B

A valid MAC address:

Is 48 bits (6 octets) long

Consists only of hexadecimal digits: 0–9, A–F

Is formatted as 6 groups of 2 hex digits separated by colons or dashes

Let’s analyze:

A. G2:60:CF:21:99:H0 → Invalid: 'G' and 'H' are not valid hex characters❌

B. 00:00:5E:80:EE:B0 → Valid MAC address✅

C. AEC8:21F1:AA44:54FF:1111:DDAE:0212:1201 → Too long, 128-bit (likely IPv6 format)❌

D. 192.168.0.0/16 → This is an IP address range, not a MAC❌

MTCNA Course Slides – MAC Addressing:

“MAC addresses are 6 bytes long, using only hex characters (0–9, A–F). Watch out for malformed input like IPs or non-hex characters.”

René Meneses Study Guide – Layer 2 & MAC Concepts:

“A valid MAC must be in the format XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX. Be aware of distractors like IPv6 or CIDR ranges.”

Terry Combs MTCNA Notes – MAC Checks:

“Look for character violations — anything with G, H, Z, etc., is instantly wrong. Also check length.”

The PPPoE server functionality in RouterOS relies primarily on the PPP package, which includes support for protocols like PPP, PPPoE, PPTP, L2TP, SSTP, etc. The system package is also always required, as it contains the core OS components.

Option breakdown:

A.✔ppp – Required. Contains all PPP and PPPoE server/client implementations.

B.✘user-manager – Optional. Used for advanced AAA (authentication/accounting), not required for basic PPPoE.

C.✘radius – Optional. Used for external authentication, not essential unless RADIUS integration is needed.

D.✘synchronous – Used for legacy synchronous interfaces (e.g., serial or modem), not for PPPoE.

E.✔system – Required for all RouterOS functions.

Extract from Official MTCNA Course Material – RouterOS Packages:

“To enable PPPoE server functionality, you need the ppp and system packages. Radius and User Manager are optional.”

Extract from René Meneses MTCNA Study Guide – PPPoE Deployment:

“Only the ppp and system packages are strictly required. Additional features like radius are for centralized authentication.”

Extract from MikroTik Wiki – RouterOS Package Descriptions:

“ppp: required for PPP, PPTP, L2TP, PPPoE; system: required core package. user-manager and radius are optional.”

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A stub network is defined as a network segment that is accessible by only one path (single entry/exit point). It does not serve as a transit network for routing between other networks. Traffic entering or leaving the stub network must pass through a single interface.

MTCNA Course Material – Routing Concepts:

“A stub network is one that is connected to the rest of the network by a single router interface. It has only one entry and one exit point.”

René Meneses MTCNA Study Guide – Routing Terms:

“Stub networks do not forward packets for other networks. They are endpoints with one route in and out.”

Other options:

A/B: Describe transit networks, not stub

C: Misleading—stub has both entry and exit, but only through one path

D:✔Correct definition

Final Answer: DQUESTION NO: 130 [PPP – Protocol Functions]

What PPP protocol provides dynamic addressing, authentication, and multilink?

A. NCP

B. HDLC

C. LCP

D. X.25

Answer: C

LCP (Link Control Protocol) is responsible for establishing, configuring, and testing the data-link connection in PPP. It handles features such as:

Authentication (PAP/CHAP)

Link quality testing

Multilink (combining multiple connections)

Negotiating link options

MTCNA Course Material – PPP Configuration:

“LCP handles link configuration, authentication, multilink, and error detection. NCP handles network layer protocol configuration.”

René Meneses MTCNA Study Guide – PPP Stack:

“LCP is the control protocol used to manage and negotiate the PPP connection, including authentication and multilink.”

Other options:

A: NCP negotiates Layer 3 protocol settings (e.g., IP, IPX)

B: HDLC is a simpler Layer 2 protocol, no support for dynamic addressing or multilink

D: X.25 is a packet-switched WAN protocol, not part of PPP

Final Answer: CQUESTION NO: 131 [Switching – Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)]

In a network with dozens of switches, how many root bridges would you have?

A. 1

B. 2

C. 5

D. 12

Answer: A

Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) is used in Ethernet switching environments to prevent loops. In any STP domain, only one switch is elected as the root bridge. All other switches determine the shortest path to this root bridge and may block redundant paths.

MTCNA Course Material – STP Basics:

“STP ensures a loop-free topology by electing a single root bridge. All path calculations are made from the root bridge’s perspective.”

René Meneses MTCNA Study Guide – STP and Loop Prevention:

“Only one root bridge exists per STP domain. Switches use BPDU messages to elect it based on bridge ID priority.”

No matter how many switches exist (2, 10, or 50), only one root bridge is present at any time.

Final Answer: AQUESTION NO: 132 [IP Addressing – Classful Networking]

Which class of IP address has the most host addresses available by default?

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. A and B

Answer: A

Classful IP addressing reserves different address ranges and host counts:

Class A: 1.0.0.0 – 126.255.255.255 (/8) → 2^24 – 2 = 16,777,214 hosts

Class B: 128.0.0.0 – 191.255.255.255 (/16) → 2^16 – 2 = 65,534 hosts

Class C: 192.0.0.0 – 223.255.255.255 (/24) → 2^8 – 2 = 254 hosts

MTCNA Course Material – IP Address Classes:

“Class A has the largest number of hosts per network, over 16 million. Class B allows around 65,000, and Class C allows 254.”

René Meneses MTCNA Study Guide – Classful IP Summary:

“Class A provides the most host addresses by default due to its /8 subnet.”

Only Class A has the highest host count.

Subnet masks are used in IP networking to define the boundary between the network portion and the host portion of an IP address. A valid subnet mask must consist of a contiguous block of 1s followed by a contiguous block of 0s in its binary representation.

Let’s analyze the given options:

A. 255.192.0.0– This isnot a standard or valid subnet maskbecause the 1s are not contiguous beyond the second octet. This is typically used in class A subnetting but is not commonly considered valid in CIDR or MTCNA context. While technically binary-valid, it’s not recommended or standard for practical subnetting.

B. 255.255.192.255–Invalid, because the last octet is255, which implies all bits are 1s, but in the third octet only partial bits are set (192is11000000). This breaks the required rule of contiguous 1s followed by contiguous 0s.

C. 192.0.0.0–Invalid, as it doesn’t represent a valid subnet mask.192in the first octet (11000000) followed by zeros is not a valid mask – it's actually a network address, not a subnet mask.

D. 255.255.224.0–Valid subnet mask. This represents/19in CIDR notation. In binary:11111111.11111111.11100000.00000000, which follows the correct rule of contiguous 1s followed by contiguous 0s.

Extract from MTCNA Study Guide by René Meneses:

Subnet masks must be a continuous string of 1s followed by a continuous string of 0s. Any deviation or split between the blocks renders the mask invalid.

Extract from MTCNA Official Course Manual:

Valid subnet masks include values such as 255.0.0.0 (/8), 255.255.0.0 (/16), 255.255.255.0 (/24), and also non-classful masks like 255.255.224.0 (/19) are allowed and used for more flexible subnetting.

Conclusion:Option D is the only one meeting the criteria for a valid subnet mask as taught in the MTCNA curriculum.

===========

In this configuration, the wireless interface (wlan1) on the AP is in ap-bridge mode, and on the CPE it's in station-bridge mode. This mode allows full Layer 2 bridging over wireless, supporting all Ethernet-based protocols and services, including:

IPv4, IPv6, DHCP, ARP, PPPoE, and routing protocols like BGP (which use TCP/IP).

Protocols like USB or Firewire are hardware-level or local bus protocols and cannot be transmitted over Ethernet frames or wireless.

Option Review:

A.✔IPv4 – supported

B.✔ARP – Layer 2 protocol, supported

C.✘USB – not a network protocol, not transmitted over bridges

D.✔BGP – Layer 3 protocol, supported over bridged links

E.✘Firewire – not a Layer 2 or network protocol

F.✔IPv6 – fully supported

G.✔DHCP – Layer 3 broadcast protocol, works over bridges

H.✔PPPoE – Ethernet-based protocol, passes over Layer 2 bridge

Extract from Official MTCNA Course Material – Wireless Bridging:

“station-bridge mode allows transparent Layer 2 bridging, supporting all Ethernet protocols including IPv4, IPv6, ARP, DHCP, PPPoE, and more.”

Extract from René Meneses MTCNA Study Guide – Wireless Modes:

“Use station-bridge with ap-bridge to pass full Layer 2 traffic. This allows DHCP, PPPoE, and other protocols to work transparently.”

Extract from MikroTik Wiki – Station Bridge:

“station-bridge mode is used with MikroTik-only links and allows full Layer 2 protocol support, including dynamic IP assignments and bridging.”

The action=redirect is used only in the dstnat chain to redirect traffic to a local port (e.g., for transparent proxy or DNS capture). It is not valid in the srcnat chain.

A.✘Incorrect – RouterOS will not permit redirect in srcnat.

B.✔Correct – redirect is only supported in dstnat.

Extract from Official MTCNA Course Material – NAT Actions:

“Redirect is used in the dstnat chain to force traffic to a specific port on the local router.”

Extract from MikroTik Wiki – NAT Action Reference:

“Action=redirect is only meaningful in dstnat and is used to redirect traffic to router-local services.”

Extract from René Meneses Study Guide – NAT Table:

“Redirect cannot be used in srcnat. Only valid in dstnat for local service interception.”

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When using a hub, all connected devices share the total bandwidth. Since it’s a 10 Mbps half-duplex hub, all 10 users share the same collision domain and 10 Mbps. However, when calculating potential access to the server from any single host, each host can use the full 10 Mbps — as long as no other users are transmitting simultaneously.

More importantly, the connection to the server is also 10 Mbps half-duplex, so regardless of the internal collisions, each client could use the full 10 Mbps to the server — just not concurrently with others.

Cisco CCNA Curriculum – Hubs and Bandwidth Sharing:

“In a hub, all ports share bandwidth. However, each host is capable of utilizing the full bandwidth if no contention exists.”

René Meneses MTCNA Study Guide – Hub Limitations:

“A hub provides shared bandwidth, but each device can use the full rate momentarily, assuming no collisions.”

Hence, the correct answer is based on potential — not divided bandwidth.

Final Answer: DQUESTION NO: 146 [Cisco IOS – Configuration Management]

What command is used to create a backup configuration?

A. copy running backup

B. copy running-config startup-config

C. config mem

D. wr mem

Answer: B

The command copy running-config startup-config saves the current active configuration in RAM (running-config) to NVRAM (startup-config). This ensures that the configuration persists after a reboot.

Cisco IOS Configuration Guide – Saving Configs:

“To save the active configuration, use: copy running-config startup-config.”

René Meneses MTCNA Study Guide – IOS Management:

“Saving configuration ensures the device boots with the same settings. Use copy running-config startup-config or its shortcut: wr.”

Breakdown:

A: Invalid syntax — no such keyword as “backup”

C: config mem is outdated and not used in modern IOS

D: wr mem is a shortcut for “write memory” — still valid but less commonly used

Final Answer: BQUESTION NO: 147 [Cisco IOS – Access Control Lists]

What are the two main types of access control lists (ACLs)?

Standard

IEEE

Extended

Specialized

A. 1 and 3

B. 2 and 4

C. 3 and 4

D. 1 and 2

Answer: A

Cisco IOS supports two primary types of ACLs:

Standard ACLs: Filter traffic based only on source IP address

Extended ACLs: Filter traffic based on source, destination IP, protocol type, and port numbers

Cisco IOS Security Guide – ACL Fundamentals:

“Standard ACLs use only source IP for filtering. Extended ACLs can match based on source, destination, ports, and protocols.”

René Meneses MTCNA Study Guide – ACL Types:

“Two types of IP ACLs: standard and extended. IEEE or specialized ACLs do not exist in Cisco terminology.”

Other options:

IEEE: Refers to Ethernet or wireless standards, not ACLs

Specialized: Not a defined ACL type

Importing an .rsc (exported) file immediately applies the configuration commands line by line. There is no need to reboot the router for the new settings to take effect. Some services may require restarting manually (e.g., DHCP server), but the RouterOS itself does not require a reboot after import.

Option analysis:

A.✘False–Reboot is not required

B.✔True–Import applies settings immediately during execution

Extract from MTCNA Course Material – Import Functionality:

“Import is immediate and command-by-command. No reboot is necessary unless instructed in the script.”

Extract from René Meneses Study Guide – Import and Export:

“When you import an .rsc file, the configuration takes effect as each command is executed. Reboot is not needed.”

Extract from MikroTik Wiki – Configuration Restore:

"The import file is executed in real-time. Any settings changed are applied immediately."

==================================

DNS primarily uses UDP port 53 for most query/response operations. However, TCP port 53 is also used, particularly for larger responses (such as DNS zone transfers or DNSSEC).

A.✔UDP – Used for standard DNS queries due to lower overhead.

B.✔TCP port 53 – Used when UDP is insufficient, especially for zone transfers (AXFR/IXFR).

Extract from MTCNA Course Material – DNS and Networking Services:

“DNS typically uses UDP/53, but falls back to TCP/53 for larger queries or zone transfers.”

Extract from MikroTik Wiki – DNS Settings:

“DNS uses UDP for general queries. TCP is used when UDP cannot accommodate the size of the response.”

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MikroTik RouterOS supports running multiple dynamic routing protocols simultaneously, including RIP, OSPF, and BGP. They are independent processes and can be configured in parallel. This is commonly used in complex network environments or during routing migrations.

A.✔FALSE – You can run OSPF and RIP at the same time.

B.✘TRUE – Incorrect; both protocols are fully supported to coexist.

Extract from MTCNA Course Material – Dynamic Routing:

“RouterOS supports multiple dynamic routing protocols, including simultaneous use of RIP and OSPF.”

Extract from René Meneses Study Guide – Routing Protocols:

“You can configure both RIP and OSPF to run at the same time on a single router.”

Extract from MikroTik Wiki – Routing Overview:

“RouterOS allows multiple routing protocols to operate concurrently.”

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The only wireless mode that allows bridging (Layer 2) over a connection to a non-MikroTik (standard 802.11) access point is station-pseudobridge. It fakes (spoofs) a bridge by using the wireless interface's MAC address for Ethernet clients behind it.

A.✔station-pseudobridge – Works with any AP and can bridge Ethernet → WiFi for one client.

B.✘station – Only works at Layer 3 (routing or NAT).

C.✘station-wds – Requires WDS support, which only MikroTik devices support.

D.✘bridge – Not a wireless mode; it’s an interface type used in Layer 2.

Extract from Official MTCNA Course Material – Wireless Bridging:

“station-pseudobridge allows bridging to non-MikroTik APs. Suitable for simple Layer 2 extension with one client.”

Extract from René Meneses MTCNA Study Guide – Wireless Modes:

“For compatibility with standard APs, use station-pseudobridge mode. Other bridge modes require MikroTik AP.”

Extract from MikroTik Wiki – Wireless Bridging:

“station-pseudobridge is used when connecting to a standard access point while still wanting to bridge to local Ethernet.”

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The show access-lists command in Cisco IOS is used to display all configured access control entries (ACEs) in every access list, both named and numbered. This command shows the complete content, including rules and hit counters.

Cisco IOS Command Reference – Access List Monitoring:

“Use show access-lists to view the complete list of all access control entries. This includes both standard and extended lists.”

Other options:

A: Invalid command syntax

C: show ip interface shows interface-level IP settings and ACL applications, but not full ACL content

D: show interface shows status and statistics, not ACL rules

Final Answer: BQUESTION NO: 134 [Cisco IOS – Console Access Configuration]

What does the command routerA(config)#line cons 0 allow you to perform next?

A. Set the Telnet password.

B. Shut down the router.

C. Set your console password.

D. Disable console connections.

Answer: C

The command line cons 0 enters the console line configuration mode. This is used to apply settings specific to the physical console line, such as setting a login password (via password and login commands).

Cisco IOS Configuration Guide – Line Console Mode:

“Use line console 0 to configure settings for the console line, including timeouts, password security, and logging behavior.”

René Meneses Study Guide – Device Access:

“Console access configuration begins with line console 0. It is followed by login and password commands.”

Other options:

A: Telnet is configured under line vty, not console

B: Router shutdown is done with reload or shutdown commands (not here)

D: Console cannot be disabled from line cons 0

Final Answer: CQUESTION NO: 135 [Switching – Spanning Tree Protocol]

How often are BPDUs sent from a Layer 2 device?

A. Never

B. Every 2 seconds

C. Every 10 minutes

D. Every 30 seconds

Answer: B

BPDU (Bridge Protocol Data Units) are messages exchanged by switches in a Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) topology to maintain loop-free Layer 2 networks. By default, switches send BPDUs every 2 seconds.

MTCNA Course Material – STP Operation:

“Switches send BPDUs to maintain spanning tree and detect topology changes. The default transmission interval is 2 seconds.”

Cisco STP Documentation:

“BPDUs are transmitted by the root bridge and propagated every 2 seconds by default, controlled by the hello-time timer.”

Other options:

A: Incorrect — BPDUs are essential for loop prevention

C & D: Not correct — default is 2 seconds, not minutes

Final Answer: BQUESTION NO: 136 [Routing Protocols – Passive Interface Behavior]

What does the passive command provide to dynamic routing protocols?

A. Stops an interface from sending or receiving periodic dynamic updates.

B. Stops an interface from sending periodic dynamic updates but not from receiving updates.

C. Stops the router from receiving any dynamic updates.

D. Stops the router from sending any dynamic updates.

Answer: B

In dynamic routing (e.g., RIP, OSPF, EIGRP), the passive-interface command stops routingadvertisements (outgoing updates) from being sent through the specified interface. However, the router still listens for incoming routing updates.

Cisco IOS Configuration Guide – Passive Interface:

“The passive-interface command prevents routing updates from being sent on an interface, while still allowing updates to be received.”

René Meneses MTCNA Guide – Passive Mode:

“It suppresses sending routing advertisements but does not block receiving updates on that interface.”

Other options:

A: Incorrect — it does not block receiving

C: Incorrect — it applies to interfaces, not globally

D: Also incorrect — it does not block all updates

Final Answer: B

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