H13-321_V2.5 Sample Questions Answers

Pixel adjacency describes how pixels are connected:

4-adjacency:Pixels share a side (up, down, left, right).

Diagonal adjacency:Pixels touch at a corner.

8-adjacency:Combination of 4-adjacency and diagonal adjacency.

Given coordinates (21,13) and (22,12), the pixels differ by 1 in both x and y directions, meaning they meet at a corner — this isdiagonal adjacency. Since 8-adjacency includes both side and diagonal adjacency, they are also8-adjacent.

Exact Extract from HCIP-AI EI Developer V2.5:

"In 8-adjacency, pixels are considered neighbors if they are connected horizontally, vertically, or diagonally. Diagonal adjacency occurs when pixels touch at a corner."

In NLP:

Text classification(e.g., sentiment analysis) predicts a single label for the entire input sequence.

Sequence labeling(e.g., Named Entity Recognition, Part-of-Speech tagging) produces an output label for each token or position in the input sequence.This distinction is important for selecting appropriate model architectures and loss functions.

Exact Extract from HCIP-AI EI Developer V2.5:

"Text classification assigns one label to the whole text, whereas sequence labeling assigns a label to each token in the sequence."

In OpenCV:

cv2.imread(filename, 1) reads the image incolor mode.

This loads the image as a3-channelBGR image (Blue, Green, Red).

Other modes: 0 for grayscale, -1 for unchanged (including alpha channel).

Exact Extract from HCIP-AI EI Developer V2.5:

"When the second parameter of cv2.imread is 1, the image is read in color mode, resulting in a 3-channel BGR image."

In feature selection for classification tasks, thechi-square (χ²)statistical test can be applied to evaluate the independence between features and target labels.

In Python’s scikit-learn library, this is implemented using:

python

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from sklearn.feature_selection import SelectKBest, chi2

SelectKBest selects the top K features based on scores returned by the chi2 function.

Exact Extract from HCIP-AI EI Developer V2.5:

"In scikit-learn, SelectKBest with chi2 can be used for feature selection by scoring features according to the chi-square statistic."

U-Net is a convolutional neural network architecture designed for biomedical image segmentation. It consists of a contracting path for feature extraction and an expansive path for precise localization, usingupsamplingin the decoding path. However, U-Netdoes not include fully-connected layers; instead, it uses only convolutional layers to maintain spatial information. Removing fully-connected layers ensures the network can handle images of varying sizes without requiring fixed input dimensions.

Exact Extract from HCIP-AI EI Developer V2.5:

"U-Net architecture is fully convolutional and avoids fully-connected layers to preserve spatial resolution, relying on upsampling in the decoder path for segmentation tasks."

A:Incorrect — description given matches semantic analysis, not syntactic analysis.

B:Incorrect — description given matches syntactic analysis, not semantic analysis.

C:Correct — speech analysis focuses on phoneme recognition and word identification.

D:Correct — lexical analysis identifies lexemes and retrieves their linguistic details.

E:Correct — pragmatic analysis studies language use in context and environment.

Exact Extract from HCIP-AI EI Developer V2.5:

"Natural language understanding involves lexical, syntactic, semantic, speech, and pragmatic analyses, each focusing on different layers of language processing."

The HSV model separates chromatic content (Hue, Saturation) from brightness (Value):

H (Hue):Defines the type of color (e.g., red, blue).

S (Saturation):Measures vividness — low S means muted colors, high S means vivid colors.

V (Value):Controls brightness — increasing V brightens the image.Contrary to option D, HSV aligns more closely with human perception than RGB, making itsuitablefor segmentation and color-based analysis.

Exact Extract from HCIP-AI EI Developer V2.5:

"HSV separates hue, saturation, and brightness, making it closer to human vision perception and suitable for color-based image analysis."

The Transformer model architecture includes:

Encoder:Encodes the input sequence into contextualized representations.

Decoder:Uses the encoder output and self-attention over previously generated tokens to produce the target sequence.

Exact Extract from HCIP-AI EI Developer V2.5:

"The Transformer consists of an encoder-decoder structure, with self-attention mechanisms in both components for sequence-to-sequence learning."

Transformers are designed for sequence modeling without recurrence or convolution.

A:True — self-attention captures global dependencies efficiently, outperforming RNNs/CNNs in long text processing.

B:True — multi-head attention computes multiple attention projections in parallel.

C:True — the architecture is purely attention-based.

D:False — positional encoding isrequiredbecause self-attention does not inherently encode sequence order.

Exact Extract from HCIP-AI EI Developer V2.5:

"The Transformer uses self-attention to model dependencies and multi-head attention to capture features in different subspaces. Positional encoding must be added to preserve sequence order."

ModelArtsExeML(Expert Experience Machine Learning) enables users without programming expertise to build AI models through a visual interface. It supports multiple application scenarios, including:

Predictive maintenance in manufacturing to detect potential equipment failures.

Monitoring compliance with dress codes in school or workplace settings.

Detecting unusual sounds in manufacturing or security contexts.

Classifying offerings automatically in e-commerce or retail systems.

Exact Extract from HCIP-AI EI Developer V2.5:

"ModelArts ExeML supports intelligent applications in industrial maintenance, campus security, sound anomaly detection, and automated product classification."

Text CNN applies convolutional layers directly to text data represented as word embeddings. By using multiple kernel sizes, Text CNN captures features from n-grams of varying lengths. These features are pooled and passed to fully connected layers for classification tasks such as sentiment analysis or spam detection.

Exact Extract from HCIP-AI EI Developer V2.5:

"Text CNN applies convolution and pooling over word embeddings to extract local features for text classification."

In anencoder-decoderarchitecture:

Theencoderprocesses variable-length inputs and encodes them into fixed-length context vectors that summarize the input. (Cis correct.)

Thedecodergenerates output sequences from this context, which may be of variable length.

Adescribes the decoder incorrectly;Bmixes roles;Dis false because output length depends on the target sequence, not the encoder output length.

Exact Extract from HCIP-AI EI Developer V2.5:

"The encoder transforms variable-length sequences into context vectors, which the decoder uses to generate variable-length outputs."

Morphological processing in image analysis is used to process binary or grayscale images based on shape.

Dilation:Expands object boundaries, useful for filling small holes.

Erosion:Shrinks object boundaries, useful for removing noise.By combining them:

Opening:Erosion followed by dilation (removes small objects/noise).

Closing:Dilation followed by erosion (fills small holes).

Exact Extract from HCIP-AI EI Developer V2.5:

"Morphological processing is based on dilation and erosion. Opening and closing are composite operations derived from these two to handle noise removal and hole filling."

To address overfitting, HCIP-AI EI Developer V2.5 outlines multiple strategies:

Dropout:A regularization method that randomly ignores certain neurons during training, preventing reliance on specific paths and improving generalization.

Data augmentation:Expands the training dataset by applying transformations (rotation, scaling, flipping) to existing data, increasing diversity and reducing overfitting risk.

Parameter norm penalties:Techniques such as L1 and L2 regularization add a penalty to large parameter values, discouraging overly complex models.

Using amore complex model(Option B) is the opposite of what is recommended, as it generally increases the risk of overfitting.

Exact Extract from HCIP-AI EI Developer V2.5:

"Common overfitting mitigation techniques include data augmentation to expand datasets, dropout to randomly deactivate neurons during training, and applying regularization penalties to constrain model complexity."

In Python'sjiebalibrary, the cut() method is used for Chinese word segmentation. It splits a given sentence into individual words based on probabilistic models and a dictionary. The method supports both precise mode and full mode, with precise mode being the default for balanced accuracy and completeness.

Exact Extract from HCIP-AI EI Developer V2.5:

"The jieba.cut() method segments Chinese text into words, supporting multiple modes for different application needs."